| Titanium Dioxide |
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| Afaq, F., Abidi, P., Matin, R., Rahman, Q. (1998). Cytotoxicity, prooxidant
effects and antioxidant depletion in rat lung alveolar macrophages exposed to
ultra-fine titanium dioxide. Applied Toxicology, 18, 307-312. |
| Ashwood, P., Thompson, R.P.H., Powell, J.J. (2007). Fine Particles That Adsorb Lipopolysaccharide Via Bridging Calcium Cations May Mimic Bacterial Pathogenicity Towards Cells. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 232:107-117. Article |
| Baggs, R. B., Fern, J., Gelein, R., Soderholm, S. C., Finkelsstein, J.
(1997). Regression of pulmonary lesions produced by inhaled titanium dioxide in
rats. Veterinary Pathology, 34, 592-597. |
| - NEW - Baveye, P; Laba, M. (April 2008). Aggregation and toxicology of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Environmental health perspectives, 116(4): A152-A152. Correspondence |
| Beck-Speier, I., Dayal, N., Karg, E., Maier, K. L., Roth, C., Ziesenis, A.,
& Heyder, J. (2001). Agglomerates of ultrafine particles of elemental
carbon and Ti02 induce generation of lipid mediators in alveolar macrophages.
Environmental Health Perspectives, 109(4), 613-618. |
| Bermudez, E., Mangum, J. B., Asgharian, B., et al. (2002). Long-term
pulmonary responses of three laboratory rodent species to subchronic inhalation
of pigmentary titanium dioxide particles. Toxicological Sciences, 70, 86-97. |
| Bermudez, E., Mangum, J. S., Wong, B. A., Asgharian, B., Hext, P. M.,
Warheit, D. B., Everitt, J. I. (2004). Pulmonary responses of mice, rats, and
hamsters to subchronic inhalation of ultrafine titanium dioxide particles.
Toxicological Sciences, 77, 347-357. |
| - NEW - Chen, LX; Sabatini, DA; Kibbey, TCG. (March 2008). Role of the Air–Water Interface in the Retention of TiO2 Nanoparticles in Porous Media during Primary Drainage. Environmental science & technology, 42(6), 1916–1921. Abstract |
| Chen, J.L., Fayerweather, W.E., (1988). Epidemiologic study of workers exposed to titanium dioxide, Journal of Occupational Medicine. Official
Publication of the Industrial Medical Association. 30: 937-942. |
| Churg, A., Stevens, B., Wright, J. (1998). Comparison of the uptake of fine
and ultrafine TiO2 in a tracheal explant system. American Journal of
Physiology, 274, L81-L86. |
| Duffin, R., Tran, L. and Brown, D. (January 2007). Proinflammogenic Effects of Low-Toxicity and Metal Nanoparticles In Vivo and In Vitro: Highlighting the Role of Particle Surface Area and Surface Reactivity. Inhalation Toxicology, 19(10): 849 - 856. Abstract |
| Dunford, R., Salinaro, A., Cai, L., Serpone, N., Horikoshi, S., Hidaka, H.,
Knowland, J. (1997). Chemical oxidation and DNA damage catalyzed by inorganic
sunscreen ingredients. FEBS Letters, 418, 97-90. |
| - NEW - Fabian, E; Landsiedel, R; Ma-Hock, L. et al. (March 2008). Tissue distribution and toxicity of intravenously administered titanium dioxide nanoparticles in rats. Archives of toxicology, 82(3): 151-157 . Abstract |
| Federici, G., Shaw, B.J., Handy, R.D. (October 2007).
Toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Gill injury, oxidative stress, and other physiological effects. Aquatic Toxicology, 84 (4): 415-430. |
| - NEW - Gatti, AM; Kirkpatrick, J; Gambarelli, A. et al. (April 2008). ESEM evaluations of muscle/nanoparticles interface in a rat model. Journal of materials science, 19(4): 1515-1522. Abstract |
| - NEW - Grassian, VH; O'Shaughnessy, PT; Adamcakova-Dodd, A. et al. (April 2008). Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: Grassian et al respond. Environmental health perspectives, 116(4): A152-A153. Correspondence |
| Grassian, V.H., Adamcakova-Dodd, A., Pettibone, J.M. et al. (September 2007). Inflammatory response of mice to manufactured titanium dioxide nanoparticles: Comparison of size effects through different exposure routes. Nanotoxicology, 1(3): 211-226. Article |
| Grassian, V.H., O’Shaughnessy, P.T., Adamcakova-Dodd, Q., Pettibone, J.M., Thorne, P.S. (March 2007). Inhalation Exposure Study of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles with a Primary Particle Size of 2 to 5 nm. Environ Health Perspect, 115(3): 397–402. Article. |
| - NEW - Handy, RD; Owen, R; Valsami-Jones, E. (July 2008). The ecotoxicology of nanoparticles and nanomaterials: current status, knowledge gaps, challenges, and future needs. Ecotoxicology, 17(5): 315-447. Abstract |
| - NEW - Heinlaan, M., Ivask, A., et al. (2008). Toxicity of nanosized and bulk ZnO, CuO and TiO2 to bacteria Vibrio fischeri and crustaceans Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus. Chemosphere, 71 (7): 1308-1316. Abstract |
| Heinrich, U.,
Fuhst, R., Rittinghausen, S., Creutzenberg, O., Bellmann, B., Koch, W., &
Levsen, K. (1995). Chronic inhalation exposure of Wistar rats and two
different strains of mice to diesel engine exhaust, carbon black and titanium
dioxide. Inhalation Toxicology, 7:
533-556. |
| Hsu, L.Y. and Chein, H.M. (January 2007). Evaluation of nanoparticle emission for TiO2 nanopowder coating materials. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 9,1: 157-163. Abstract. |
| Hund-Rinke, K., Simon, M. (2006). Ecotoxic Effect of Photocatalytic Active Nanoparticles (TiO2) on Algae and Daphnids (8 pp). Environmental science and pollution research international, 13, Nr.4: 225-232 Abstract. |
| - NEW - Kong, SJ; Kim, BM; Lee, YJ; Chung, HW. (June 2008). Titanium dioxide nanoparticles trigger p53-mediated damage response in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Environmental and molecular mutagenesis, 49(5): 399-405. Abstract |
| Kuhn, K. P., Chaberny, I. F., Massholder, K., Stickler, M., Benz, V. W.,
Sonntag, H. G. & Erdinger, L. (2003). Disinfection of surfaces by photocatalytic
oxidation with titanium dioxide and UVA light. Chemosphere, 53, 71-77. |
| Lee, K.P., Trochomowicz, & Reinhardt, C. F. (1985). Pulmonary response
of rats exposed to titanium dioxide (TiO2) by inhalation for two years.
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 79, 179-192. |
| - NEW - Li, SQ; Zhu, H; Zhu, RR. et al. (April 2008). Impact and mechanism of TiO2 nanoparticles on DNA synthesis in vitro. Science in China Series B - Chemistry, 51(4): 367-372. |
| Li, J.A., Li, Q.N., Xu, J.Y. et al. (November 2007). Comparative study on the acute pulmonary toxicity induced by 3 and 20 nm TiO2 primary particles in mice. Environmental toxicology and pharmacology, 24 (3): 239-244. |
| Long, T.C., Tajuba, J., Sama, P. et al. (November 2007). Nanosize Titanium Dioxide Stimulates Reactive Oxygen Species in Brain Microglia and Damages Neurons in Vitro. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115(11): 1631-1637. Abstract. |
| Long, T.C., Saleh, N., Tilton, R.D., Lowry, G.V., and Veronesi, B. (2006). Titanium Dioxide (P25) Produces Reactive Oxygen Species in Immortalized Brain Microglia (BV2): Implications for Nanoparticle Neurotoxicity. Environmental Science and Technology, 40 (14), 4346 -4352. Abstract |
| Lovern, S.B., Strickler, J.R. and Klaper, R. (June 2007). Behavioral and Physiological Changes in Daphnia magna when Exposed to Nanoparticle Suspensions (Titanium Dioxide, Nano-C60, and C60HxC70Hx). Environ. Sci. Technol., 41(12): 4465-4470 Abstract |
| Lovern, S.B. & Klaper, R. (2006). Daphnia Magna mortality when exposed
to titanium dioxide and fullerene (C60) nanoparticles. Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry, 25(4): 1132-1137. Abstract |
| Lu, P. J., Ho, I. C., Lee, T. C. (1998). Induction of sister chromatid
exchanges and micronuclei by titanium dioxide in Chinese hamster ovary-K1
cells. Mutation Research, 414, 15-20. |
| Maness, P. C., Smolinksi, S., Blake, D. M., Huang, Z. Wolfrum, E. J. &
Jacoby, W. A. (1999). Bactericial activity of photocatalytic TiO2 reaction:
toward an understanding of its killing mechanism. Applied Environmental
Microbiology, 65, 4094-4098. |
| - NEW - Moss, O.R. (2008). Insights into the health effects of nanoparticles: why numbers matter. International Journal of Nanotechnology, 5(1):3-14. Abstract |
| Nakagawa, Y., Wakuri, S., Sakamoto, K., & Tanaka, N. (1997). The
photogenotoxicity of titanium dioxide particles. Mutation Research, 394,
125-132. |
| Nemmar, A. Vanbilloen, H., Hoyalerts, M.F., Hoet, P. H. M.,
Verbruggen, A., & Nemery, B. (2001). Passage of intratracheally instilled
ultrafine particles from the lung into the systemic circulation in hamster. American Journal of Respiratory &
Critical Care Medicine, 164: 1665-1668. |
|
Powell, J.J., Harvey, R.S.J., Ashwood, P. (2000). Immune Potentiation of Ultrafine Dietary Particles in Normal Subjects and Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Journal of Autoimmunity, 14(1): 99-105.
|
| Radomski, A., Jurasz, P., Alonso-Escalano, D., Drews, J., Morandi, M.,
Malinski, T., & Radomski, M.W. (2005). Nanoparticle-induced platelet
aggregation and vascular thrombosis. British Journal of Pharmacology, 146:
882-893. |
| Rahman, Q., Lohani, M., Dopp, Elke, Pemsel, H, Jonas, L. Weiss, D. G., &
Shiffmann, D. (2002). Evidence that ultrafine titanium dioxide induces
micronuclei and apoptosis in Syrian hamster embryo fibroblasts. Environmental
Health Perspectives, 110(8), 797-800. |
| - NEW - Reeves, James F.; Davies, Simon J.; Dodd, Nicholas J. F.; Jha, Awadhesh N. (April 2008). Hydroxyl radicals ((OH)-O-center dot) are associated with titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticle-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative DNA damage in fish cells. Mutation research, 640 (1-2): 113-122. |
| Reisch, M. S. (March 2003). Essential minerals: Workhorse pigment titanium dioxide
is also the stuff that dreams are made of. Chemical & Engineering News, 13-14. |
| - NEW - Reijnders, L. (March 2008). Hazard reduction for the application of titania nanoparticles in environmental technology. Journal of hazardous materials, 152(1):440-5. Abstract |
| Renwick, L. C., Donaldson, K., & Clouter, A. (2001). Impairment of
alveolar macrophage phagocytosis by ultrafine particles. Toxicology and Applied
Pharmacology, 172, 119-127. |
| Renwick, L. C., Brown, D., Clouter, A., & Donaldson, K.
(2004). Increased inflammation and altered macrophage chemotactic responses
caused by two ultrafine particle types. Occupational
and Environmental Medicine, 61:
442-447. |
| Rincon, A. G. & Pulgarin, C. (2003). Photocatalytic inactivation of E.
coli: effect of (continuous-intermittent) light intensity and of
(suspended-fixed) TiO2 concentration. Applied Catalyis B-Environmental, 44,
263-284. |
| - NEW - Sayes, C.M. and Warheit, D.B. (2008). An in vitro investigation of the differential cytotoxic responses of human and rat lung epithelial cell lines using TiO2 nanoparticles. International Journal of Nanotechnology, 5(1):15-29. Abstract |
| SCCP (Scientific Committee on Consumer Products), UE. (June 2007). Preliminary Opinon on Safety of nanomaterials in cosmetic products. Report |
| Singh, S., Shi, T.M., Duffin, R. et al. (July 2007). Endocytosis, oxidative stress and IL-8 expression in human lung epithelial cells upon treatment with fine and ultrafine TiO2: Role of the specific surface area and of surface methylation of the particles. Toxicology And Applied Pharmacology, 222 (2): 141-151. Article |
| Soto, K.F., Carrasco, A., Powell, T.G., Garza, K.M., and Murr, L.E. (2005).
Comparative in vitro cytotoxicity assessment of some manufactured nanoparticulate
materials characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Journal of
Nanoparticle Research, 7: 145-169. Abstract
|
| Takenaka, S. Dornhofer-Takenaka, H., & Muhle, H. (1986) Alveolar
distribution of fly ash and of titanium dioxide after long-term inhalation by
Wistar rats. Journal of Aerosol Science,
17: 361-364. |
| Vinardell,
M. (2005). In vitro cytotoxicity of nanoparticles in mammalian germ-line stem
cell. Toxicological Sciences, 88(2): 285-286. Abstract |
| - NEW - Vevers, WF; Jha, AN. (July 2008).
Genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles on fish cells in vitro. Ecotoxicology, 17(5): 410-420. Abstract |
| Wang, J.X., Zhou, G.Q., Chen, C.Y. et al. (January 2007). Acute toxicity and biodistribution of different sized titanium dioxide particles in mice after oral administration. Toxicology Letters, 168 (2): 176-185. |
| Warheit,
D.B., Webb, T.R., Sayes, C.M., Colvin, V.L. & Reed, K.L. (2006). Pulmonary
instillation studies with nanoscale TiO2 rods and dots in rats. Toxicological
Sciences. Prepublication online. Abstract |
| Reviews |
| Australian
Government, (2006). A Review of the Scientific Literature on the Safety of
Nanoparticulate Titanium Dioxide or Zinc Oxide in Sunscreens. Department of
Health and Ageing, Therapeutic Goods Administration. Report |
| Sunscreens |
| Research Articles |
| Australian Government, (2006). A Review of the Scientific Literature on
the Safety of Nanoparticulate Titanium Dioxide or Zinc Oxide in Sunscreens.
Department of Health and Ageing, Therapeutic Goods Administration. Report-PDF |
| Bahnemann, D. W., Kholuiskaya, S. N., Dillert, R., Kulak, A. I., &
Kokorin, A. I. (2002). Photodestruction of dichloroacetic acid catalyzed by
nano-sized TiO2 particles. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 36(2), 161-169. |
| - NEW - Barker, P.J., Branch, A. (May 2008). The interaction of modern sunscreen formulations with surface coatings. Progress in organic coatings, 62(3): 313-320. Abstract |
| Dunford, R., Salinaro, A., Cai, L., Serpone, N., Horikoshi, S., Hidaka, H.,
Knowland, J. (1997). Chemical oxidation and DNA damage catalyzed by inorganic
sunscreen ingredients. FEBS Letters, 418, 97-90. |
| Hidaka, H., Horikoshi, S., Serpone, N., & Knowland, J. (1997). In vitro
photochemical damage to DNA, RNA and their bases by an inorganic sunscreen
agent on exposure to UVA and UVB radiation.Journal of photochemistry and
Photobiology A: Chemistry, 111(1-3), 205-213. |
| Gulston, M. & Knowland, J. (1999) Illumination of human keratinocytes in
the presence of the sunscreen ingredient padimate-O and through an SPF-15
sunscreen reduces direct photodamage to DNA but increases strand breaks,
Mutation Research, 444, 49-60. |
| Nohynek, G.J., Lademann, J., Ribaud, C., Roberts, M.S. (March 2007). Grey Goo on the Skin? Nanotechnology, Cosmetic and Sunscreen Safety. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 37(3): 251 - 277. Abstract |
| Ricci, A., Chretien, M.N., Maretti, L. & Scaino, J. C. (2003).
TiO2-promoted mineralization of organic sunscreens in water suspension and
sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2, 487-492. |
| Rossatto, V., Picatonotto, T., Vione, D. & Carlotti, M.E. (2003).
Behavior of some rheological modifiers used in cosmetics under photocatalytic
conditions. Journal of Dispersion Science & Technology, 24, 259-271. |
| Rushton, E. K., Oberdorster, G., & Finkelstein, J. (2005). Nanoparticles
are capable of producing reactive oxygen species, upregulation of inflammatory
cytokine expression and causing increased cytotoxicity. Paper presented at the
2nd International Symposium on Nanotechnology and Occupational Health. Oct.
3-6, Minneapolis, MN. |
| Soto, K.F., Carrasco, A., Powell, T.G., Garza, K.M., and Murr, L.E. (2005).
Comparative in vitro cytotoxicity assessment of some manufactured
nanoparticulate materials characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Journal
of Nanoparticle Research, 7: 145-169. Abstract
|
| NGO Reports, Nano Ingredients in Cosmetic Products on the Market |
| Friends of the Earth USA. (August 2007).
Nanoparticles and Sunscreens: A Consumer Guide for Avoiding Nano Sunscreens.Link to Website and
Report |
| Friends of the Earth Report, “Nanomaterials, Sunscreens and Cosmetics: Small
Ingredients, Big Risks. (2006, May). Link to Website and
Report |
